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Ninety-one plants across fourteen countries, reporting between 2004 and 2024, are classified by collector type, storage strategy and feedwater source, and every reported figure is recomputed to a common recovery basis before comparison. Hybrid photovoltaic–thermal configurations dominate the recent literature, but long-run fouling data remains scarce because most pilots publish a single commissioning year.
Abstraction licensing regimes in six states are compared against measured drawdown over twenty years. Volumetric licensing correlates with slower depletion only where metering is enforced at the wellhead; where it is not, a licensing regime and no regime at all are statistically indistinguishable.
تعرض هذه الدراسة نتائج تشغيل ثلاث وحدات تحلية بالتناضح العكسي تعمل بالطاقة الشمسية في قرى ريفية بعيدة عن الشبكة، على مدى أربعة وعشرين شهراً. بلغ متوسط الإنتاج اليومي 12 متراً مكعباً للوحدة، وانخفضت كلفة المتر المكعب من 4.6 ريالات إلى 2.9 ريال بعد إعادة تحجيم مصفوفة الألواح وإلغاء مجموعة البطاريات الاحتياطية. وتخلص الدراسة إلى أن العائق الأساسي أمام التوسّع ليس كلفة الطاقة بل توافر الصيانة المحلية.
A battery-buffered photovoltaic array driving a variable-flow reverse-osmosis skid is assessed for five off-grid coastal villages. Sizing the array for the median rather than the peak demand, and allowing production to follow irradiance, cuts capital cost by 31 per cent while holding supply reliability above 96 per cent of demand-days.
دراسة وثائقية لسجلات الأوقاف في منطقة نجد اعتماداً على وثائق المحاكم الشرعية والسجلات العقارية، مع فهرسة تحليلية لأربعمئة وثيقة.
Seawater intake on the Red Sea coast routinely exceeds 41 g/L of total dissolved solids, and conventional ultrafiltration pretreatment leaves reverse-osmosis trains exposed to rapid organic fouling. An eighteen-month pilot campaign shows membrane fouling falling by 34 per cent against the ultrafiltration baseline, with specific energy consumption settling at 3.1 kWh per cubic metre.
Boron passage is the residual quality problem in seawater reverse osmosis for irrigation reuse. Thin-film nanocomposite membranes are tested between pH 8.2 and 10.5, reaching 94 per cent rejection at pH 10 at a 7 per cent flux cost, which is a better trade than the second pass it would otherwise replace.
يتناول البحث ترتيبات الحوكمة في ثلاثة أحواض نهرية عابرة للحدود، ويقارن بين اتفاقيات التقاسم القائمة على الحصص الثابتة وتلك القائمة على تقاسم المنافع. تُظهر المقارنة أن الاتفاقيات المرنة التي تربط الحصة بالتدفق الموسمي أقل عرضة للانهيار في سنوات الجفاف، وأن وجود آلية دائمة لتبادل البيانات الهيدرولوجية هو أقوى مؤشر منفرد على استمرار الاتفاقية.
A multi-effect distillation plant coupled to a parabolic-trough collector field is modelled for an inland arid site with no grid connection. At a gain output ratio of 9.4 the levelised cost of water reaches 1.28 US dollars per cubic metre, and avoided emissions amount to 2.7 kg of carbon dioxide per cubic metre against the diesel-fired reference case.
Quantitative microbial risk assessment is applied to four irrigation schemes using tertiary-treated effluent on leaf and root crops. Annual infection risk stays below the tolerable threshold for drip and subsurface application at every site, and exceeds it only for sprinkler application on leaf crops — which makes the irrigation method, rather than the treatment grade, the decisive control.