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A metal–organic framework sorbent is cycled outdoors at relative humidities between 12 and 34 per cent. Daily yield reaches 1.3 litres per kilogram of sorbent at 20 per cent humidity, and the limiting factor is not uptake but the condenser duty available from passive night-time cooling.
Downscaled projections from an eleven-model ensemble are combined with a water-balance model for six basins. Renewable water availability declines by between 9 and 24 per cent by 2060 under the intermediate pathway, and the spread across models is wider than the spread across emissions pathways — which makes ensemble breadth, not scenario choice, the binding uncertainty for planners.
A district-metered area instrumented with 4,200 smart meters and 60 acoustic loggers is used to compare night-flow analysis against acoustic correlation for locating background leakage. Acoustic correlation halves the time to locate but misses the diffuse losses that night-flow analysis quantifies, so the two are complements rather than alternatives.
Brine disposal is the unsolved half of desalination. Deep-well injection, evaporation ponds and a selective electrodialysis route recovering magnesium hydroxide and sodium chloride are compared on one cost basis. The recovery route turns a disposal cost of 0.21 dollars per cubic metre into a net revenue of 0.07 dollars at current mineral prices.
Ninety-one plants across fourteen countries, reporting between 2004 and 2024, are classified by collector type, storage strategy and feedwater source, and every reported figure is recomputed to a common recovery basis before comparison. Hybrid photovoltaic–thermal configurations dominate the recent literature, but long-run fouling data remains scarce because most pilots publish a single commissioning year.
Abstraction licensing regimes in six states are compared against measured drawdown over twenty years. Volumetric licensing correlates with slower depletion only where metering is enforced at the wellhead; where it is not, a licensing regime and no regime at all are statistically indistinguishable.
تعرض هذه الدراسة نتائج تشغيل ثلاث وحدات تحلية بالتناضح العكسي تعمل بالطاقة الشمسية في قرى ريفية بعيدة عن الشبكة، على مدى أربعة وعشرين شهراً. بلغ متوسط الإنتاج اليومي 12 متراً مكعباً للوحدة، وانخفضت كلفة المتر المكعب من 4.6 ريالات إلى 2.9 ريال بعد إعادة تحجيم مصفوفة الألواح وإلغاء مجموعة البطاريات الاحتياطية. وتخلص الدراسة إلى أن العائق الأساسي أمام التوسّع ليس كلفة الطاقة بل توافر الصيانة المحلية.
Seawater intake on the Red Sea coast routinely exceeds 41 g/L of total dissolved solids, and conventional ultrafiltration pretreatment leaves reverse-osmosis trains exposed to rapid organic fouling. An eighteen-month pilot campaign shows membrane fouling falling by 34 per cent against the ultrafiltration baseline, with specific energy consumption settling at 3.1 kWh per cubic metre.
يتناول البحث ترتيبات الحوكمة في ثلاثة أحواض نهرية عابرة للحدود، ويقارن بين اتفاقيات التقاسم القائمة على الحصص الثابتة وتلك القائمة على تقاسم المنافع. تُظهر المقارنة أن الاتفاقيات المرنة التي تربط الحصة بالتدفق الموسمي أقل عرضة للانهيار في سنوات الجفاف، وأن وجود آلية دائمة لتبادل البيانات الهيدرولوجية هو أقوى مؤشر منفرد على استمرار الاتفاقية.
A multi-effect distillation plant coupled to a parabolic-trough collector field is modelled for an inland arid site with no grid connection. At a gain output ratio of 9.4 the levelised cost of water reaches 1.28 US dollars per cubic metre, and avoided emissions amount to 2.7 kg of carbon dioxide per cubic metre against the diesel-fired reference case.