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Seawater intake on the Red Sea coast routinely exceeds 41 g/L of total dissolved solids, and conventional ultrafiltration pretreatment leaves reverse-osmosis trains exposed to rapid organic fouling. An eighteen-month pilot campaign shows membrane fouling falling by 34 per cent against the ultrafiltration baseline, with specific energy consumption settling at 3.1 kWh per cubic metre.
Boron passage is the residual quality problem in seawater reverse osmosis for irrigation reuse. Thin-film nanocomposite membranes are tested between pH 8.2 and 10.5, reaching 94 per cent rejection at pH 10 at a 7 per cent flux cost, which is a better trade than the second pass it would otherwise replace.
Twelve brackish-water reverse-osmosis units drawing on the same aquifer are compared over four years of operation. Silica scaling, rather than biofouling, governs the cleaning interval once recovery is pushed beyond 78 per cent, and an antiscalant dose schedule indexed to the measured saturation index extends run length by nineteen days on average.
Isobaric pressure exchangers and turbochargers are compared across nine plants above 100,000 cubic metres per day. Pressure exchangers hold their efficiency advantage across the whole load range, and the gap widens below 70 per cent load — which matters because plants on seasonal demand spend a third of the year there.
Primary research on membrane preparation, transport and separation processes.